{"id":49,"date":"2021-11-22T21:37:01","date_gmt":"2021-11-22T21:37:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/openbooks.hdfoundation.in\/sdgintro\/chapter\/sdg-10-reduced-inequalities\/"},"modified":"2024-12-16T12:29:58","modified_gmt":"2024-12-16T12:29:58","slug":"sdg-10-reduced-inequalities","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"http:\/\/openbooks.hdfoundation.in\/sdgintro\/chapter\/sdg-10-reduced-inequalities\/","title":{"raw":"SDG #10 - Reduced Inequalities","rendered":"SDG #10 &#8211; Reduced Inequalities"},"content":{"raw":"<img class=\"alignnone wp-image-43\" src=\"http:\/\/openbooks.hdfoundation.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/12\/sdg-10-new-150x150.png\" alt=\"SDG #10 - Reduced Inequalities\" width=\"178\" height=\"180\">\n<h2><strong>Video<\/strong><\/h2>\nIn this 13-minute video made available from the SDG Academy, Jeffrey Sachs looks at SDG #10 \u2013 Reduced Inequalities. This video introduces the idea of inequality in the context of a country, identifying countries that were able to reduce inequality while developing and those who were not able. It further examines the different reasons for inequality in the context of history, gender, and society.\n\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/c4z58bx9AKA\n\nAnalysis\n\nReducing inequality, promoting diversity, and providing all people with the opportunity to reach their full potential is not only the right thing to do, but also good business to create a growing economy that benefits everyone[footnote]Global Affairs Canada. (2018). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/employment-social-development\/programs\/agenda-2030\/voluntary-national-review.html\">Canada\u2019s Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: voluntary national review<\/a>.[\/footnote].\n\nReducing inequalities and ensuring no one is left behind are integral to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.\u00a0 Inequality within and among countries is a persistent cause for concern. Despite some positive signs toward reducing inequality in some dimensions, such as reducing relative income inequality in some countries and preferential trade status benefiting lower-income countries, inequality still persists. Looking at health, the United Nations estimate a global average life expectancy of 72.6 years[footnote]United Nations. (2021). <a href=\"https:\/\/sdgs.un.org\/goals\">Sustainable Development Goals<\/a>.[\/footnote]. For Canada, the life expectancy (national average) is 82.9 years, with extreme variability across the country due to many social-economical inequality factors. For example, in Hamilton, Ontario, there is a 23-year gap in life expectancy between different neighbourhoods with the highest life expectancy at 87.7 years, and the lowest at 64.8 years[footnote]McMaster University. (2019). <a href=\"https:\/\/brighterworld.mcmaster.ca\/articles\/starting-the-conversation-about-social-inequality-and-healthy-aging\/\">Starting the conversation about social inequality and healthy aging<\/a>.[\/footnote].\n\nInequalities are also deepening for vulnerable populations in countries with weaker health systems and those facing existing humanitarian crises. Refugees and migrants, as well as Indigenous Peoples, older persons, people with disabilities and children are particularly at risk of being left behind.\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<h2><strong>Fast Facts<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n \t<li>Evidence from developing countries shows that children in the poorest 20% of the populations are still up to 3 times more likely to die before their fifth birthday than children in the richest counties;<\/li>\n \t<li>Social protection has been significantly extended globally, yet persons with disabilities are up to 5 times more likely than average to incur catastrophic health expenditures;<\/li>\n \t<li>Despite overall declines in maternal mortality in most developing countries, women in rural areas are still up to 3 times more likely to die while giving birth than women living in urban centres;<\/li>\n \t<li>Up to 30% of income inequality is due to inequality within households, including between women and men. Women are also more likely than men to live below 50% of the median income;<\/li>\n \t<li>Of the 1 billion population of persons with disabilities, 80% live in developing countries;<\/li>\n \t<li>Globally, 1 in 10 children has a disability;<\/li>\n \t<li>Globally, only 28% of persons with significant disabilities have access to disability benefits, and only 1% for those in low-income countries.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n[h5p id=\"18\"]\n<h2><strong>Why it Matters<\/strong><\/h2>\nWhy should I care about reduced inequalities? Inequality threatens long-term social and economic development, increases poverty, hunger, and poor health to name a few. This, in turn, can breed crime, disease, and environmental degradation. We cannot make the planet better for all people if many people are excluded from the chance for a better life.\n\n[h5p id=\"19\"]\n<h2><strong>Targets and Indicators for Canada<\/strong><\/h2>\nBelow is Canada\u2019s approach to measuring progress on SDG #10 \u2013 Reduced Inequalities. Note the targets and indicators chosen[footnote]Statistics Canada. (2021). <a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/pub\/11-26-0004\/112600042021001-eng.pdf?st=BW11MJMK\">The Canadian Indicator Framework for the Sustainable Development Goals - 2021<\/a>.[\/footnote].\n\n<a href=\"https:\/\/ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/2128\/2021\/11\/Screen-Shot-2021-11-22-at-4.42.19-PM.png\"><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-48 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/openbooks.hdfoundation.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/11\/Screen-Shot-2021-11-22-at-4.42.19-PM.png\" alt=\"Goal 10 Reduce inequality within and among countries Canadian Ambition: Canadians live free of discrimination and inequalities are reduced Targets Indicators T10.1.1 No specific target I10.1.1 Gini Coefficient Source: Statistics Canada. Table 11-10-0134-01 Gini coefficients of adjusted market, total and after-tax income T10.2.1 No specific target I10.2.1 Proportion of the population reporting discrimination or unfair treatment Source: Statistics Canada. Custom tabulation T10.3.1 No specific target I10.3.1 Median hourly wage ratio Sources: Statistics Canada. Table 14-10-0340-01 Employee wages by occupation, annual; Statistics Canada. Table 14-10-0370-01 Average hourly and weekly wages and average usual weekly hours by Indigenous group T10.4.1 No specific target I10.4.1 Median household after-tax income Sources: Statistics Canada. Table 11-10-0190-01 Market income, government transfers, total income, income tax and after-tax income by economic family type\" width=\"804\" height=\"498\"><\/a>\n<h2><strong>Recommended Reading<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n \t<li><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">United Nations. (2021). <a href=\"https:\/\/unstats.un.org\/sdgs\/report\/2020\/goal-10\/\">The Sustainable Development Goal Report, 2020. Reduce inequality within and among countries<\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-43\" src=\"http:\/\/openbooks.hdfoundation.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/12\/sdg-10-new-150x150.png\" alt=\"SDG #10 - Reduced Inequalities\" width=\"178\" height=\"180\" srcset=\"http:\/\/openbooks.hdfoundation.in\/sdgintro\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/12\/sdg-10-new-65x66.png 65w, http:\/\/openbooks.hdfoundation.in\/sdgintro\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/12\/sdg-10-new-225x227.png 225w, http:\/\/openbooks.hdfoundation.in\/sdgintro\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/12\/sdg-10-new.png 229w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 178px) 100vw, 178px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Video<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>In this 13-minute video made available from the SDG Academy, Jeffrey Sachs looks at SDG #10 \u2013 Reduced Inequalities. This video introduces the idea of inequality in the context of a country, identifying countries that were able to reduce inequality while developing and those who were not able. It further examines the different reasons for inequality in the context of history, gender, and society.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Income Inequality Within Countries\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/c4z58bx9AKA?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Analysis<\/p>\n<p>Reducing inequality, promoting diversity, and providing all people with the opportunity to reach their full potential is not only the right thing to do, but also good business to create a growing economy that benefits everyone<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Global Affairs Canada. (2018). Canada\u2019s Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: voluntary national review.\" id=\"return-footnote-49-1\" href=\"#footnote-49-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Reducing inequalities and ensuring no one is left behind are integral to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.\u00a0 Inequality within and among countries is a persistent cause for concern. Despite some positive signs toward reducing inequality in some dimensions, such as reducing relative income inequality in some countries and preferential trade status benefiting lower-income countries, inequality still persists. Looking at health, the United Nations estimate a global average life expectancy of 72.6 years<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"United Nations. (2021). Sustainable Development Goals.\" id=\"return-footnote-49-2\" href=\"#footnote-49-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a>. For Canada, the life expectancy (national average) is 82.9 years, with extreme variability across the country due to many social-economical inequality factors. For example, in Hamilton, Ontario, there is a 23-year gap in life expectancy between different neighbourhoods with the highest life expectancy at 87.7 years, and the lowest at 64.8 years<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"McMaster University. (2019). Starting the conversation about social inequality and healthy aging.\" id=\"return-footnote-49-3\" href=\"#footnote-49-3\" aria-label=\"Footnote 3\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[3]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Inequalities are also deepening for vulnerable populations in countries with weaker health systems and those facing existing humanitarian crises. Refugees and migrants, as well as Indigenous Peoples, older persons, people with disabilities and children are particularly at risk of being left behind.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<h2><strong>Fast Facts<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Evidence from developing countries shows that children in the poorest 20% of the populations are still up to 3 times more likely to die before their fifth birthday than children in the richest counties;<\/li>\n<li>Social protection has been significantly extended globally, yet persons with disabilities are up to 5 times more likely than average to incur catastrophic health expenditures;<\/li>\n<li>Despite overall declines in maternal mortality in most developing countries, women in rural areas are still up to 3 times more likely to die while giving birth than women living in urban centres;<\/li>\n<li>Up to 30% of income inequality is due to inequality within households, including between women and men. Women are also more likely than men to live below 50% of the median income;<\/li>\n<li>Of the 1 billion population of persons with disabilities, 80% live in developing countries;<\/li>\n<li>Globally, 1 in 10 children has a disability;<\/li>\n<li>Globally, only 28% of persons with significant disabilities have access to disability benefits, and only 1% for those in low-income countries.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"h5p-18\">\n<div class=\"h5p-content\" data-content-id=\"18\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><strong>Why it Matters<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Why should I care about reduced inequalities? Inequality threatens long-term social and economic development, increases poverty, hunger, and poor health to name a few. This, in turn, can breed crime, disease, and environmental degradation. We cannot make the planet better for all people if many people are excluded from the chance for a better life.<\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-19\">\n<div class=\"h5p-content\" data-content-id=\"19\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><strong>Targets and Indicators for Canada<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Below is Canada\u2019s approach to measuring progress on SDG #10 \u2013 Reduced Inequalities. Note the targets and indicators chosen<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Statistics Canada. (2021). The Canadian Indicator Framework for the Sustainable Development Goals - 2021.\" id=\"return-footnote-49-4\" href=\"#footnote-49-4\" aria-label=\"Footnote 4\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[4]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub\/app\/uploads\/sites\/2128\/2021\/11\/Screen-Shot-2021-11-22-at-4.42.19-PM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-48 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/openbooks.hdfoundation.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/11\/Screen-Shot-2021-11-22-at-4.42.19-PM.png\" alt=\"Goal 10 Reduce inequality within and among countries Canadian Ambition: Canadians live free of discrimination and inequalities are reduced Targets Indicators T10.1.1 No specific target I10.1.1 Gini Coefficient Source: Statistics Canada. Table 11-10-0134-01 Gini coefficients of adjusted market, total and after-tax income T10.2.1 No specific target I10.2.1 Proportion of the population reporting discrimination or unfair treatment Source: Statistics Canada. Custom tabulation T10.3.1 No specific target I10.3.1 Median hourly wage ratio Sources: Statistics Canada. Table 14-10-0340-01 Employee wages by occupation, annual; Statistics Canada. Table 14-10-0370-01 Average hourly and weekly wages and average usual weekly hours by Indigenous group T10.4.1 No specific target I10.4.1 Median household after-tax income Sources: Statistics Canada. Table 11-10-0190-01 Market income, government transfers, total income, income tax and after-tax income by economic family type\" width=\"804\" height=\"498\" srcset=\"http:\/\/openbooks.hdfoundation.in\/sdgintro\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/11\/Screen-Shot-2021-11-22-at-4.42.19-PM.png 804w, http:\/\/openbooks.hdfoundation.in\/sdgintro\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/11\/Screen-Shot-2021-11-22-at-4.42.19-PM-300x186.png 300w, http:\/\/openbooks.hdfoundation.in\/sdgintro\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/11\/Screen-Shot-2021-11-22-at-4.42.19-PM-768x476.png 768w, http:\/\/openbooks.hdfoundation.in\/sdgintro\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/11\/Screen-Shot-2021-11-22-at-4.42.19-PM-65x40.png 65w, http:\/\/openbooks.hdfoundation.in\/sdgintro\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/11\/Screen-Shot-2021-11-22-at-4.42.19-PM-225x139.png 225w, http:\/\/openbooks.hdfoundation.in\/sdgintro\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/11\/Screen-Shot-2021-11-22-at-4.42.19-PM-350x217.png 350w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 804px) 100vw, 804px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Recommended Reading<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">United Nations. (2021). <a href=\"https:\/\/unstats.un.org\/sdgs\/report\/2020\/goal-10\/\">The Sustainable Development Goal Report, 2020. Reduce inequality within and among countries<\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-49-1\">Global Affairs Canada. (2018). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/employment-social-development\/programs\/agenda-2030\/voluntary-national-review.html\">Canada\u2019s Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: voluntary national review<\/a>. <a href=\"#return-footnote-49-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-49-2\">United Nations. (2021). <a href=\"https:\/\/sdgs.un.org\/goals\">Sustainable Development Goals<\/a>. <a href=\"#return-footnote-49-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-49-3\">McMaster University. (2019). <a href=\"https:\/\/brighterworld.mcmaster.ca\/articles\/starting-the-conversation-about-social-inequality-and-healthy-aging\/\">Starting the conversation about social inequality and healthy aging<\/a>. <a href=\"#return-footnote-49-3\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 3\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-49-4\">Statistics Canada. (2021). <a href=\"https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/pub\/11-26-0004\/112600042021001-eng.pdf?st=BW11MJMK\">The Canadian Indicator Framework for the Sustainable Development Goals - 2021<\/a>. <a href=\"#return-footnote-49-4\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 4\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"part":44,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/openbooks.hdfoundation.in\/sdgintro\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/49"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/openbooks.hdfoundation.in\/sdgintro\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/openbooks.hdfoundation.in\/sdgintro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/openbooks.hdfoundation.in\/sdgintro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"http:\/\/openbooks.hdfoundation.in\/sdgintro\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/49\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":145,"href":"http:\/\/openbooks.hdfoundation.in\/sdgintro\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/49\/revisions\/145"}],"part":[{"href":"http:\/\/openbooks.hdfoundation.in\/sdgintro\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/44"}],"metadata":[{"href":"http:\/\/openbooks.hdfoundation.in\/sdgintro\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/49\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/openbooks.hdfoundation.in\/sdgintro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=49"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/openbooks.hdfoundation.in\/sdgintro\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=49"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/openbooks.hdfoundation.in\/sdgintro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=49"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/openbooks.hdfoundation.in\/sdgintro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=49"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}